It is endemic in developing countries, whereas its outbreaks in the developed world are primarily through intentional means ( 1, 2). anthracis capsule inhibits complement fixation and opsonization resulting in reduced phagocytosis by macrophages, thus allowing the bacterial pathogen to evade host immunity.īacillus anthracis is the causative agent of a one of the most lethal zoonotic diseases, anthrax, which affects both humans and livestock. Overall, our data have demonstrated that the B. At lower pH closer to the isoelectric point of PGA, the neutralization of the negative charge was associated with an increased binding of C3b and IgG with the encapsulated B. Importantly, we demonstrated that the negative charge of the PGA capsule was responsible for the differential binding of the complement proteins between the non-encapsulated and encapsulated strains. Both strains equally bound the complement regulatory proteins C4BP and factor H. Studies with complement pathway-specific, component-deficient serum demonstrated that the classical pathway was primarily involved in mediating C3b binding on the non-encapsulated bacteria. Other known mediators of complement fixation, IgG, C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum amyloid P component (SAP), also bound more prominently with the non-encapsulated Sterne strain. An increased binding of C3b and its subsequent activation to C3c and C3dg, which functionally act as potent opsonins, were observed with the non-encapsulated Sterne strain compared with the encapsulated strain.
The non-encapsulated Sterne strain was highly susceptible to phagocytosis by THP-1 macrophages, after incubation with normal human serum (NHS), heat-inactivated serum, and serum-free media, thus indicating that the capsule inhibited both complement-dependent and complement-independent opsonic phagocytosis. The encapsulated virulent strain exhibited resistance toward complement-dependent and complement-independent bacterial phagocytosis by human macrophages. Thus, to evaluate the role of the PGA capsule in evading host immunity, we have undertaken the present head-to-head comparative study of the phagocytosis and complement activation of non-encapsulated and encapsulated B. anthracis capsule imparts a survival advantage to the active bacteria has not been demonstrated till date.
However, the mechanism through which the B. anthracis spore proteins inhibit complement activation. anthracis capsule may also inhibit complement-mediated clearance and ensure bacterial survival in the host. Like other encapsulated bacterial species, the B. NOTICE: MAKE SURE TO HAVE YOUR ANTIVIRUS DISABLED, NOT DOING SO RESULTS INTO THE GAME YOU ARE INSTALLING TO CRASH AND NOT OPEN.Bacillus anthracis poly-γ-D-glutamic acid (PGA) capsule is an essential virulent factor that helps the bacterial pathogen to escape host immunity. YOU MUST HAVE DIRECTX INSTALLED TO AVOID DLL ERRORS. If you need any additional help, refer to our Troubleshoot section
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